According to Bachman and Palmer's language test principles, in order to ensure the effectiveness, the task of language tests should correspond to that of language application, which is the aim of language tests. 依据Bachman和Palmer语言测试原则,为了保证语言测试的有效性,语言测试任务应该与语言应用任务相对应,这种对应是语言测试的出发点和目的。
Bachman discusses variables in the testing environment, task requirements, scoring procedures and rating scales, and test stimuli, all of which may affect student or examinee performance and scores. 他论述了测试环境、任务要求、评分方法、评分标准以及测试动机等变量,而这些变量都可能会影响到学生或考生的表现或分数。
According to Bachman, only when the difficulty is positioned at an appropriate level can test scores offer the most information, and too high or too low a difficulty will both exert negative influence on the meaning of scores. Bachman指出,只有难度合适时,测试分数所能提供的信息才能达到最大,而难度太低或者太高都会影响分数的意义。